Samba in the Smethwick End. A tribute to the Black footballers who pioneered the fight against Racism in British football
Thursday, March 23rd, 2006This must be seen as an addenda to my recent email ‘David Beckham at Ashbourne Grove?’. (This can be downloaded on my website www.gbpeopleslibrary.co.uk)
Thierry Henry and Ian Wright stand out as the champions of Anti-Racism in modern football but they stand on the shoulders of those who pioneered the struggle, not least Laurie Cunningham, Cyrille Regis and Brendon Batson at West Bromwich Albion. This is a story still without an end. It involves Sam Allardyce who might be our next England manager, who comes from the Black Country and who has mastered the art of managing Black players although he speaks no foreign languages and whose financial resources are severely limited. It involves the present manager of West Bromwich, Bryan Robson, both for his contact with the aforementioned players and also because he is an ex-captain of England. It involves Paul Ince, the first black captain of England and now captain of Wolves. It is a political story linking with the case of Stephen Lawrence whose companion on the night he was killed has now been compensated and received an apology from the London police. This is Duwayne Brooks who 13 years after that foul murder with Duwayne treated as a suspect of murdering his friend, he has now
been given a £100,000 payout by the Met. The West Midlands police were equally culpable at one time, but became the first police force to voluntarily admit to racism and seek an independent training authority. They then became the most progressive police authority in Britain under the Birmingham Islamic councillor Mohamid Nazir, surely unique in Britain.
Councillor Bob Jones of Wolverhampton has now became spokesperson for all police management committees in England and he controls the most advanced police force in the country. It is significant, of course, that Tony Blair wishes to disband the West Midlands force and amalgamate it into a vast country wide force. And guess who will NOT be appointed chief of that force, any one who has protested at taking police out of local control?
Racism continues to be widespread, as does anti-racism. There are heroes and villains and sometimes people can be both, as is the case of Ron Atkinson, an ex-manager of West Bromwich Albion who was removed from decent society for talking about ‘niggers’ in football. This seemed entirely out of place with his managerial record with black players, Brendan Batson claiming that he was the greatest influence on him when he was almost ready to quit the game because of racism.
The post-1945 story of Anti-Racism is outlined by me in my ‘I Love Arsene Wenger’ This details my 70 year love affair with Arsenal and 50 year support for Wolves. When I came to Wolverhampton in 1954 it was considered rather peculiar that I was an Arsenal supporter since Wolverhampton Wanderers were then at the peak of their powers, the greatest side in Britain. When Wolverhampton went to Hungary or Moscow they took with them, as an interpreter, Percy Young, a hugely erudite musicologist who was a lecturer at what was then the Wolverhampton Polytechnic. Percy also found time to write ‘A History of British Football’ which is my bible on football matters up to 1963. But more than this, Percy was also an anti-racist who was at one time the chair of W’ton Race Equality Council.
The most complete early story, however, is contained in the book Samba in the Smethwick End by Dave Bowler and James Bains and it is to this book that I now turn.
The first point the book makes is that if you want to know what football is about you must look not at league tables, but in the hearts of the players and supporters.
West Bromwich Albion were something special in the 1970s. If Manchester United had the Holy Trinity of Best, Laws and Charlton, then the Baggies had the Three Degrees of Cunningham, Regis and Batson. By 1974 Johnny Giles had gained promotion to Division 1 and when he retired, somewhat surprisingly, after two years, WBA soared, briefly under Ronnie Allen and then memorably under Ron Atkinson reaching their zenith at Old Trafford at Christmas 1978 when they dismantled Manchester United 5-3. For one black player to make a mark in English football he would have to score goals. WBA had two such players, Regis and Cunningham. Laurie Cunningham became the first black player to play for an England B team. (The first player to wear a full England shirt was Viv Anderson connected with Brian Clough in the East Midlands and Arsenal.) For perhaps a season, the West Midlands was the hub of English football, and the Three Degrees accomplished the revolution that led to advances for black players elsewhere. But the supremacy of the West Midlands was not to last. Wolves, Albion and Birmingham became almost bankrupt and the West Midlands, including Aston Villa, reverted to what it usually has been, a meaningless football lump between Liverpool and Man United in the north and Arsenal and sometimes Spurs in the south. This is told in the introduction of the book.
Chapter One of the book explains the Conservative Party policy of the 1960s. ‘If you want a nigger for a neighbour, vote Labour.’ This was in the election address of the official Conservative Party candidate for Smethwick, Peter Griffiths, in the 1964 general election and he won a safe Labour seat. He was to be followed by the most formidable of all official Conservative candidates who in 1951 won the S.W.Wolverhampton seat from a Labour MP and who remained an official Tory MP until he removed himself from the Tory Party to become a leading figure in Northern Ireland. This was the ‘rivers
of blood’ man, Enoch Powell. He was replaced in Wolverhampton SW by an almost equally racist official Conservative MP, Nick Budgen. No wonder David Cameron is having such difficulty in converting modern Conservatives into anti-racists and opponents of the war in Iraq. Good luck to him in his endeavours.
Again, in the 1970s, the Smethwick End packed with Wolves’ supporters for the local derby with Wolves drumming on the corrugated iron sheets at the back of the stand in jungle rhythm, ‘Nigger, nigger, lick my boots’ or ‘Pull that trigger, shoot that nigger.’ Proof that nothing much had really changed.
Another centre of black immigration was London. Laurie Cunningham, London born, began his footballing career as a schoolboy training at Arsenal. At eighteen Cunningham did not reach the standards demanded by Bertie Mee and his trainer Don Howe and was signed by Leyton Orient. Laurie did not much fancy being rejected by Arsenal and was reluctant to go to Orient. In the 1980s Arsenal was developing through their directors and management, the reputation of being a multicultural club by playing the first great crop of Arsenal black players. These included Viv Anderson, Brendan Batson, Paul Davis, David Rocastle, and Michael Thomas. Michael shares with Charlie George the honour of scoring the two most important and dramatic goals in Arsenal’s history. Charlie’s brought the Double to Highbury. Michael’s goal in extra time prevented Liverpool performing the Double and brought the League Championship to Highbury in 1989. Such was the impression made by Michael that Liverpol bought him the next season, although he never reached the same heights as with Arsenal and his career petered out.
In 1979 West Brom with Bryan Robson, Laurie Cunningham and Cyrille Regis were on the verge of greatness and one of the richest clubs in Britain. They squandered it. Ron Atkinson accepted almost £1m for Laurie Cunningham who went not to an English club but to one of the greatest clubs in the world, Real Madrid - 24 years before David Beckham. Laurie later returned to England and won an FA Cup medal with Wimbledon in 1988. He died in a car crash near Madrid a year later.
Cyrille Regis’s life was transformed by the death of his friend Cunningham. Cyrille tells how they both went to a West Ham game and were showered with bananas. Paradoxically this racial abuse acted as a spur and totally committed them to prove that black players could make the grade. Cyrille became a Christian after the death of his best friend. He became a coach and
later a fotball agent. Cyrille is still active, believing that Institutional Racism is not being tackled in football. Although 20-25% of footballers are black only two coaching/managerial posts were occupied by blacks in 2004, one at Spurs and one at Wolves. Brendan Batson is also active in combatting racism in football. He became a deputy head of the Professional Footballers Association. There are no black managers in the Premiership and black faces in board rooms are equally scarce. But racism in British football is fortunately much diminished with its 10 point independent campaign of Kick it Out adopted by the European body UEFA. It is in Europe that racism still exists and Rio Ferdinand’s appeal to eliminate ‘the plague’ of racism and request to address the European Parliament for action against the Spanish authorities with use of the power to call matches off and power to deduct points from clubs is the latest effort to fight racism. Unfortunately, hooliganism has not been conquered, and where this prevails, right-wing racist forces such as the BNP are never far away.
I want to close this piece by returning to the importance of Wolverhampton as a centre of anti-racism in general and the place that Sam Allardyce is likely to occupy in particular. Allardyce, born in 1954 at Netherton in Dudley spent his early years watching football at Molineux. His football career began in 1969 when he was signed by Nat Lofthouse as a 15 year old by
Bolton. He played with many clubs, with spells at Tampa Bay Rowdies and West Bromwich. In 1989 he was assistant to Brian Talbot at West Bromwich when his 20 year old football career came to an end. He was sacked. He then became a youth development officer with Sunderland until he became a manager in Ireland at Limerick. He can be criticised for having never won an England cap or played in the top division for only one season. But his record of creating winning teams and gaining promotion is without a parallel and his interest in matters as widely differing as art and psychology make him a popular candidate for the job of England coach.
My final plea is for the struggle against racism to be pursued in Wolverhampton and district and the people I would want to research it. The first thing is the popularisation of the book Samba in the Smethwich End. Nowhere does this appear in the bibliographies of racism in football. The Sir Norman Chester Centre for Football Research at Leicester University does not mention the book nor is it recommended by Shirin Housee of Wolverhampton University who I have long regarded as one of the most important lecturers on Race Relations in Britain and who should be in charge of training of
Wolverhampton public employees. Other questions regarding the book are who and where now are the authors Dave Bowler and Jas Bains? Others in Wolverhampton I would want to consult include Eric Taylor, one time scout for West Bromwich Albion and meticulous contributor to the Dictionary of Labour Biography of Black Country labour leaders. Then there is Bob Jones once a lecturer in Dudley Technical College with me who remains active in school football politics as a referee and administrator. Also Bill Wain, neighbour of mine and long term WBA fanatic supporter who is also an active social worker.
Of the busy football fraternity I would like Bryan Robson of both WestBromwich and England who I know to be in touch with most black players who have served the Baggies to let me have details of their current activities.
Also Rachael Heyhoe Flint of Wolves, distinguished in her own right as an ex-captain of England’s women cricketers but also spokesperson for Sir Jack Hayward, Wolves recent bankroller and fanatic English patriot.
There seems to be room here for a bulletin of the past and present activities of our black footballers as envisaged by the Football Association and League in their ten point programme of active participation in anti-racist activity.
This would also have the active support of the Professional Footballers’ Association who are keen to tackle the racism which has so far prevented Asian footballers from emerging as well as the lack of black managers, directors, coaches and administrators, and also the small numbers of blacks who feel it safe to attend football matches.
Other people I would wish to consult include Keith Wymer former head of Bilston Community College, the first multicultural and open access college in Britain closed by villains who include Blunkett and Blair. Now through the Freedom of Information Act Wymer is battling to prove that the college was illegally closed. Keith now runs the website www.sportforallglobal.com
stressing the connection between politics and sport where the poorest and ethnic minorities lose out in both respects.
Finally I would like to thank my family members in London, mostly Arsenal supporters and readers of my BLOG and particularly Darryl Collins, my nephew, who achieved the unlikely distinction of being a London crossword setter who for several years set crossword puzzles for Scottish football teams!
Wolverhampton is the town that raised itself from being known as the racist capital of Britain in the days of Enoch Powell (1951 to 1974) to an important University City and anti-racist centre from 2000 AD. As with racism in general, racism in football could erupt again unless positive measures to prevent it are continually practised. The purpose of all my activity is to help to keep Wolverhampton in a leading position both multiculturally and in sport.